Effect of Wild Blueberry Metabolites on Biomarkers of Gastrointestinal and Immune Health In Vitro

Wild blueberries (Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton.) are a rich source of dietary fiber and (poly)phenols with gastrointestinal immune health-promoting properties, however, their mechanisms action on the intestinal epithelial cells transient tissue macrophages remain to be elucidated. In this study, we evaluated individual effects anthocyanins, short-chain fatty acids (metabolites derived from fiber), series hydroxycinnamic hydroxybenzoic acid metabolites common anthocyanins other polyphenols gut homeostasis in human colon CCD-18 murine RAW 264.7 macrophages. Gastrointestinal cell migration was enhanced response anthocyanin glucosides maximum effect observed for malvidin-3-glucoside, structural subset acids, especially 2-hydroxybenzoic acid. Enhanced staining ZO-1 protein junctional complexes treated malvidin butyrate, as well several phenolic metabolites, including acids. Nitric oxide production pro-inflammatory gene expression profiles LPS-stimulated were mostly affected by treatments 3-caffeoylquinic (chlorogenic) 3,4-dihydroxycinnamic (caffeic) This study lays foundation future investigations evaluating interventions managing inflammatory pathophysiological outcomes.